mrits.ac.in,www.mrits.ac.in,mrits

www.mrits.ac.in,http://www.mrits.ac.in,http://mrits.ac.in,mallareddy,malla reddy,mrit,mrec,chmrits,malla reddy institute of technology and science,mrits

Triac animations in french

TRIAC ANIMATIONS

Cardano's Method to Solve Cubic Equations

64x³–48x²+12x–1

Cubic in normal form: x³–0.75x²+0.1875x–0.015625
x³+ax²+bx+c [1]
Substitute x=t–a/3, to eliminate the x² term
New equation t³+pt+q=0
Where p=b–a²/3, and q=c+ (2a³–9ab)/27
p=0 q=0
So the new equation is:
t³+0t +0 [2]
As p and q are zero, then all the roots are real and equal to –a/3 (0.25)
In summary, the roots for
Cubic: 64x³–48x²+12x–1 are:
x1=0.25 (Remainder=0)
x2=0.25 (Remainder=0)
x3=0.25 (Remainder=0)
The remainder is the result of substituting the value in the equation, rounded to 10 decimal places

x³+6x²+11x+6

Cubic in normal form: x³+6x²+11x+6
x³+ax²+bx+c [1]
Substitute x=t–a/3, to eliminate the x² term
New equation t³+pt+q=0
Where p=b–a²/3, and q=c+ (2a³–9ab)/27
p=–1 q=0
So the new equation is:
t³–1t +0 [2]
x1=–a/3, x2=–a/3± √(–p)
As p<0, then all the roots are real
In summary, the roots for
x³+6x²+11x+6 are:
x1=–2 (Remainder=0)
x2=–1 (Remainder=0)
x3=–3 (Remainder=0)
The remainder is the result of substituting the value in the equation, rounded to 10 decimal places

x³+3x²+3x–2

cubic in normal form: x³+3x²+3x–2
x³+ax²+bx+c [1]
Substitute x=t–a/3, to eliminate the x² term
New equation t³+pt+q=0
Where p=b–a²/3, and q=c+ (2a³–9ab)/27
p=0 q=–3
So the new equation is:
t³+0t –3 [2]
As p=0, and q=–3
t= ∛(–q)=∛(3)
so x=t–a/3=∛(–q)–a/3=∛(3)–1
In summary, the roots for
Cubic: x³+3x²+3x–2 are:
x1=0.4422495703 (Remainder=0)
x2=–1.7211247852+1.2490247665i (Remainder=0)
x3=–1.7211247852–1.2490247665i (Remainder=0)
The remainder is the result of substituting the value in the equation, rounded to 10 decimal places

1000x³–1254x²–496x+191

Cubic in normal form: x³–1.254x²–0.496x+0.191
x³+ax²+bx+c [1]
Substitute x=t–a/3, to eliminate the x² term
New equation t³+pt+q=0
Where p=b–a²/3, and q=c+ (2a³–9ab)/27
p=–1.020172 q=–0.16239726400000004
So the new equation is:
t³–1.020172t –0.16239726400000004 [2]

The discriminant of the cubic, D=(p/3)³+(q/2)²
Before rounding, D=–0.03273066871437038
D=–0.03273066871437

D> 0→ 2 complex roots
D=0 → real roots, with two the same
D<0 → Three real roots

Because D<0, all the roots are real and distinct

Our reduced equation is:
t³–1.020172t –0.16239726400000004 [2, repeated]
Or in algebra, t³+pt+q=0
There is a relationship:
(u–v)³+3uv(u–v)–(u³–v³)=0, which indicates how we might solve the equation
If we set t=u–v, p=3uv, or v=p/3u and q=–(u³–v³), that is:
v=–1.020172/(3u) [4]
u³–(–1.020172/(3*u)–0.16239726400000004=0 [5]
So u³– p³/(27u³)+q= 0
Hence, We need to find numbers, u and v, such that:
u³–v³=–q, and uv=p/3, giving t=v–u
u³–v³=0.16239726400000004, [6] and
uv=–1.020172/3 [7]
Using v=–1.020172/3u, we can eliminate u
u³– p³/27u³ =–q
The resulting equation is:
27u⁶ + 27qu³ –p³=0
Normalised, this is
u⁶ + qu³ –p³/27=0
=u⁶ +0.16239726400000004*u³ +1.020172³/27=0
This is a quadratic equation in u³, so we know how to solve it
u³=–q/2 ±√(q²/4 +p³/27) (5)
The square root may be negative, making the u's complex numbers, although the resulting roots might not be complex.
D=0.02637287135468571/4–1.0617449369321288/27=
–0.03273066871437038
After rounding, D=–0.03273066871437
The square root is a complex number, because D<0
u=∛(0.08119863200000002 ±√(0.03273066871437) i)
We need to find the cube roots of u³= 0.081198632+0.1809161925i

Convert to trigonometric form
D=(q/2)²+(p/3)³
So u³=–q/2+√(–D) i
As u³–v³=–q,
v³=q/2+√(–D) i
r is therefore the same for both u and v [A]
r²=(–q/2)²–D
=(–q/2)²–(q/2)²+(p/3)³)
=–(p/3)³)
r=√(–(p/3)³ )
Use cos to find φ, as this makes finding the angles easier (with a calculator or computer)
r=√( (1.020172/3)³) (as it is a phasor, it can have positive values only.)
r=0.1983025127249824 and r^1/3=0.5831443503398909
cos (φ)=–q/2r
cos (φ)=0.16239726400000004/(2*0.1983025127249824)
For v, cos(φ_v)=–0.16239726400000004/(2*0.1983025127249824)
So, cos(φ_v)= – cos(φ) [B]
Similarly, sin(φ_v)= sin(φ) [C]
acos(φ)= –q/(2*r)
φ=1.148924921167228
x1=u–v–a/3
u=r^1/3*(cos(φ/3) + i sin(φ/3)
v=r^1/3*(–cos(φ/3) + i sin(φ/3) (from equations B and C above)
So, x1=2*r*cos(φ)–a/3 (because the sines cancel and the cosines are doubled
x1=2*0.5831443503398909*cos(1.148924921167228)+1.254/3
We find the other x's by adding 2π to φ, and dividing the result by 3
φ₂=φ+2*π
x2=2*0.5831443503398909*cos(2.4773700761156046)––1.254/3
φ₂=φ+4*π
x3=2*0.5831443503398909*cos(4.571765178508801)––1.254/3

In summary, the roots for
Cubic: 1000x³–1254x²–496x+191 are:
x1=1.4997993055 (Remainder=0)
x2=–0.5003313644 (Remainder=0)
x3=0.254532059 (Remainder=0)
The remainder is the result of substituting the value in the equation, rounded to 10 decimal places

electronics concepts will be posted in a week or two!

Yes Friends!

The author of this blog will be starting his preparation for gate in the may and June and will be revising all subjects what he has studied.

This is the first time ever that he is getting a long break in his engineering....

As being a regular student he was not able to go deep because his exams do not need depth and concepts...

The subjects he will be covering are as follows:-

1)electronic devices
2)network theory
3)Mathematics
4)probability and random processes
5)signals and systems
6)analog circuits
7)electromagnetics
8)control systems
9)digital electronics and logic design
10)analog communication

be ready to share ur concepts....

JNTU QUESTION PAPERS WITH SOLUTIONS

VISIT THE SITE EXAMSHUB.COM WHICH GIVES U SOLUTIONS PLUS QUESTIONS

MODULATION APPLETS

TO RUN THESE APPLETS INSTALL JAVA PLUGIN AT THE TOP LEFT CORNER IF YOU DO NOT HAVE..


Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation, Distortion.
Amplitude Modulation, Nonlinear Modulator.
Amplitude Modulation, Synchronous Detector.
Double Sideband Modulation
Single Sideband Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Frequency and Phase Modulation
Preemphasis and Deemphasis
FM stereo
Audio and Video Tape
NTSC Color Signal
Frequency Modulation and Bessel Functions
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Pulse Width Modulation
Pulse Position Modulation

philosophical fact of this week

A study attributed to Harvard University found that when a person gets a job, 85% of the
time it is because of their attitude, and only 15% of the time because of how smart they
are and how many facts and figures they know. Surprisingly, almost 100% of education
dollars go to teach facts and figures which account for only 15% of success in work!

diagram chart:SMITH CHART

CLICK THE IMAGE TO ENLARGE DOWNLOAD TO PRINT THE SMITH CHART

How to give a technical paper presentation?

Some tips for preparing your paper presentation

First, organize your talk:

1. Read the entire paper at least 3 times.
   
   You need to be able to explain the details in the paper (even the
   ugly tricky notation)
   
   You need to be able to provide a critical analysis of the paper
   
   Check out references in the related work section of the paper.
   (this will help you put the paper in context of a larger body of work and
   will help you critique the paper's results/contributions)
   
   Look at Paper Reading Advice for more
   details.
   
   

   
   

2. Find the important ideas
   A paper has many details but only one or two main ideas;
   structure your talk around these main ideas.
   

   
   
   

3. Create a Talk Outline
   
   Your talk should be organized in a top-down manner.
   
   You should have the following main sections in your talk:
   
   
   
   • Introduction, The Big Picture: what, why, how, and why we should care (motivation). Be sure to include:
     
     
     
     • a statement of the problem being solved (what)
       
     • motivation and putting the work in context (why and why should we care)
       
     • a high-level view of the author's solution (how)
       
     
     
   • Details of solution
     
   • Results demonstrating/proving their solution
     
   • Critic of Work (possibly compare to related work)
     
   • Conclusions & Future Directions for this work
     
   
   
   
   The talk should be organized as the important ideas first, the details
   second, conclusions last. Each section of your talk should be organized in
   a similar manor: high-level important points first, details second,
   summarize high-level points last. If the paper is well written, you can
   use the paper's organization as a guide.
   

   
   

Next, Design your slides

1. Slide Organization Your slides should be organized like an
   outline--a few main points, with sub points under each one.
   
   Your slides are a guide for your talk not a word-for-word
   copy of your talk. List specific points that you want to talk about as
   sub-topics of each main topic. If there are particular details that you want
   to discuss, outline them on the slide and keep written notes for you to refer
   to in your talk rather than writing all the details on the slide.
   

   
   

2. Summarize Main Points
   You should have a summary slide of the main ideas at the end.
   
   If applicable, Include a list of open questions from the paper
   

   
   

3. It is okay to waste space
   Add just enough prose prose to present the main points and highlight the
   main parts of each point. Use phrases rather than complete sentences and use
   large fonts. You can use acronyms and abbreviations sparingly, however you
   should say the complete name when you talk about about them. For example, if
   you abbreviate processes to procs on a slide, say "processes" when you talk
   about the point not "procs". Similarly, if your create an acronym for your
   super fast multi-cast implementation SFMC and refer to the old slow multi-cast
   implementation as OSMC, then say "our super fast multi-cast" and "the old slow
   multi-cast" rather than "SFMC" and "OSMC". The exception is for well-known
   acronyms such as PVM, MPI, API, JVM, etc.
   

   
   

4. A picture is worth a thousand words
   Use figures and graphs to explain implementation and results.
   It is very hard to describe a system implementation without
   having a picture of the components of the system. I once attended a talk
   about Intel's I64 architecture where the speaker tried to discuss the details
   of the layout of the chip and the interactions between the components
   without having any figures. It made for a very bad talk and a
   very hostile audience.
   

   
   

5. Number of Slides
   As a general rule, it should take 2-3 minutes to talk through the
   material on one slide, so for a 45 minute talk you should have about 20 slides.
   

   If there is too much material in a paper to present completely in 45
   minutes, then pick one part (the most interesting/important part) that you
   will discuss in detail, and present the other parts at a higher level.
   You can create back-up slides for specific details that you don't plan
   to talk about, but may get questions about.
   

Next, preparing your presentation

Provide a talk road-map
Tell audience where you are going with your talk.

• Give audience a road-map of your talk at the beginning by using
  outline slides
  
  Immediately after the title slide, put up an outline slide and tell
  the audience the main organization of your talk. Another alternative is
  to first have a few slides motivating the paper's general topic, then
  put up an outline slide giving the audience a road-map of your talk.
  
• It should be clear when you start a new high-level part of your talk
  
  Use good transitions from one slide to the next, and from one main topic
  to the next..."We just talked about the implementation of foo now we
  will look at how well foo performs for synthetic and real workloads.
  
  You may want to use the outline slide at other points in your talk to
  provide a visual transition between parts.
  

• Repeat Your Point There is a rule that says you have to tell your audience something three times before the really hear it:
  
  
  
  1. Tell them what you are going to say.
     
  2. Say it.
     
  3. Summarize what you said.
     
  
  

  This is particularly important for figures and graphs. For example:
  

  
  
  1. This graph show how the A algorithm performs better than the B and
     C algorithms as the number of nodes increase
     
  2. The X axis is number of nodes, the Y axis is execution time in seconds
     The red curve shows the execution time of A as the number of nodes increases
     The blue curve shows ...
     
  3. Thus you can see that as the number of nodes increases above N, the A
     algorithm performs better. This is because of increased message traffic
     in algorithms B and C as shown on the next slide...
     

Explain concepts in your own words
It is certainly okay to lift key phrases from the paper to use in your talk.
However, you should also try to summarize the main ideas of the paper in
your own words.

Talk to the Audience
Don't read your slide off the screen, nor directly off the projector.
It is okay to stop for a second and refer to your notes if you need to.

Practice Give a practice run-through of your talk. Stand in a room for 1 hour and talk through all your slides (out loud). This should be a
timed dress rehearsal (don't stop and fix slides as you go). Members of your
reading group should provide a practice audience for you.

Nervousness: How to fight back

• A well organized, practiced talk will almost always go well. If you
  draw a blank, then looking at your slides will help you get back on track.
  
• Taking a deep breath will clam you down. One trick is to try to remember
  to take a deep breath between each slide.
  
• Slow down. Take a few seconds to think about a question that
  is being asked before you answer it. It is okay to pause for a few
  seconds between points and between slides; a second or two of silence
  between points is noticeable only to you, but if you are talking a mile a minute
  everyone will notice.
  
• Bring notes. if you are afraid that you will forget a point or will
  forget your elegant transition between slides 11 and 12, write
  these down on a piece of paper and bring it with you. However, you don't
  want to have a verbatim copy of your talk, instead write down key phrases
  that you want to remember to say.
  
• Give at least one practice talk to an audience.
  
• Be prepared to answer questions. You don't have to know the answer to
  every question, however you should be prepared to answer questions and
  able to answer most questions about the paper. Before you give the talk,
  think about what questions you are likely to get, and how you would answer
  them. You may want to have back-up slides ready for answering certain
  questions.
  
• It is okay to say "I don't know" or better yet "gee, I hadn't thought
  about that, but one possible approach would be to..." or to refer to your
  notes to answer questions.
  

7-SEGMENT DISPLAY

JNTU EXAM PATTERN CHANGE

JNTU EXAM PATTERN CHANGE NOTIFICATION

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number systems(code conversion) AND BINARY CODED DECIMAL

CLICK HERE TO VIEW AND EXPERIMENT


One of the most widely used representations of numerical data is the binary coded decimal (BCD) form in which each integer of a decimal number is represented by a 4-bit binary number (see conversion table). It is particularly useful for the driving of display devices where a decimal output is desired. BCD usually refers to such coding in which the binary digits have their normal values, i.e., 8421. Sometimes it is written "8421 BCD" to clearly distinguish it from other binary codes such as the 4221 Code, but when BCD is used without qualification, the 8421 version is assumed.

TECHPRAGNA09-MRGI TECHFEST

for more details.....


http://www.anusandhan09.tk/

POWER SUPPLY

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.
For example a 5V regulated supply:

• Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.
  
• Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.
  
• Smoothing - smooths the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
  
• Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.
  

.








FOR MORE INFORMATION CLICK HERE

TRANSISTOR CODES

Transistor codes

There are three main series of transistor codes used in the UK:

• Codes beginning with B (or A), for example BC108, BC478
  
  The first letter B is for silicon, A is for germanium (rarely used now).
  The second letter indicates the type; for example C means low power audio frequency;
  D means high power audio frequency; F means low power high frequency.
  The rest of the code identifies the particular transistor.
  There is no obvious logic to the numbering system.
  Sometimes a letter is added to the end (eg BC108C) to identify a special version
  of the main type, for example a higher current gain or a different case style.
  If a project specifies a higher gain version (BC108C) it must be used,
  but if the general code is given (BC108) any transistor with that code is suitable.
  
• Codes beginning with TIP, for example TIP31A
  
  TIP refers to the manufacturer: Texas Instruments Power transistor.
  The letter at the end identifies versions with different voltage ratings.
  
• Codes beginning with 2N, for example 2N3053
  
  The initial '2N' identifies the part as a transistor and the rest of the code
  identifies the particular transistor.
  There is no obvious logic to the numbering system.
  

HELLO MRITS ECE!

Hello freinds and lecturers!

This blog can have maximum 100 authors,and if you want to be one of them leave yor Gmail address in the chat box at the left.

In two days you will be able to write to this blog,any article,post any link and do lot more.Please do not post offensive content.Post more technical posts.
This blog contains many posts which may give you some idea about how to write to this blog?

You can see blog archive at the left bottom for the earlier posts..

Thank you!

Gautam Kaundinya

Wish to Kiss the Sky!

I am the man who is thirsty of kissing the sky.
Help me please.
At least in the year 2009, let me kiss the sky.
Please don’t ask me why.
Some wishes why and how they generate nobody knows.
If you know please tell me.
From childhood I had this wish, the wish to kiss the sky.
I felt it keeps my pride very high, just equal to sky.
Several times, I stretched my hands to touch the sky.
I didn’t succeed, so went to the terrace of a 10 storied building and tried again.
No…I didn’t get success. What a disappointment!!
What we desire, we never get…oops.
Wright brothers understood real pain in my disappointment.
They worked hard and developed a toy, which we call now an airplane.
I felt very happy while boarding on to it.
Yeah…I am going to kiss the sky.
But alas…when I looked out from my side window, I saw clouds well below my plane.
Many times I thought clouds were the sky, so touching clouds keeps my pride so high.
But I was in the plane which was well above the clouds.

So sky does not mean could, it is above the clouds.
I looked up from the window; everything appeared bluish black, just like the one I saw from my lawn.
I felt desperate. I wish to kiss the sky. Huh…Huh!
My next seat person was Wernher Von Braun. He observed how my eyes glued to the window studying the sky and how I said Huh…Huh several times.
He asked me the reason. While controlling tears, I told him my wish…a wish to kiss the sky.
He didn’t laugh like my friends. He nodded his head with deep understanding of my wish.
Later he invented a Rocket and presented it to me. He told me “My friend…Go and fulfill your wish.” His team mates and many others joined together and constructed a spacecraft.
They said unanimously “Friend…Go and fulfill your wish.”
You can’t understand how much happiness I felt.
I thought of celebrations after coming back after kissing the sky.
I sat in the spacecraft which was launched successfully.
My spacecraft reached thousands of kilometers away from the earth.
Strange…first of all my spacecraft reached another globe like earth.
No…finding another globe was not my wish.
I wish to kiss the sky.
Moved further, my spacecraft was roaming like a weapon in the hands of mad dog.
I found several globes but didn’t succeed to touch the sky to kiss it.
After fuel was over, my spacecraft threw me to my lawn again.
Every one congratulated me for roaming around the earth and touching all the planets.
They made big celebrations.
But I was with uncontrollable tears.
Every one thought those tears were due to successful space journey.
But I only know that I faced utter failure. I lost interest in everything.
Some people thought I became mad.
Ordinary people never understand the scientist’s mind.
No I can’t leave it. I have to develop something else.
That something else should help me to kiss the sky and keep my pride so high.
Don’t ask me its name now. You are going to know it very soon.
Millions of people realized pain in my heart.
They determined to help me in fulfilling my wish of kissing the sky.
They formed groups, forgot their personal lives, working on this mission day and night.
Very soon they will present me something else which helps me in kissing the sky.
Let that invention of something else takes place in 2009.
I pray for it. You too pray for it please.

I heard somebody murmuring “What we wish we never get and what we get never satisfies us.”
I say “if there is a guarantee of fulfillment, it is not a wish. Mystery creates curiosity and becomes a wish. It is there from the days of Adam and Eve and solution to every mystery became a history.”

Happy Happy New Year to You All Dear Students.
May all your dreams come true in this year 2009.















Pushpa

LOGIC FAMILIES AND GATES

Logic Families

The types of logic devices are classified in "families", of which the most important are TTL and CMOS. The main families are:

• TTL(Transistor-Transistor Logic), made of bipolar transistors.



• CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) made from MOSFETs



• ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) for extremely high speeds



• NMOS, PMOS for VLSI large scale integrated circuits.

Logic Gates

AND

OR

XOR

NAND

NOR

XNOR

BUFFER

INVERTER BUFFER OR SIMPLY, INVERTER

TRUTH TABLE FOR ALL GATES

BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

As the name implies, the bistable multivibrator has two stable states. If a trigger of the correct polarity and amplitude is applied to the circuit, it will change states and remain there until triggered again. The trigger need not have a fixed prf; in fact, triggers from different sources, occurring at different times, can be used to switch this circuit.

The bistable multivibrator circuit and the associated waveforms are shown in figure 3-17, views (A) and (B), respectively. In this circuit, R1 and R7 are the collector load resistors. Voltage dividers R1, R2, and R5 provide forward bias for Q2; R7, R6, and R3 provide forward bias for Q1. These resistors also couple the collector signal from one transistor to the base of the other. Observe that this is direct coupling of feedback. This type of coupling is required because the circuit depends on input triggers for operation, not on RC time constants inside the circuit. Both transistors use common emitter resistor R4 which provides emitter coupling. C1 and C2 couple the input triggers to the transistor bases.
MORE INFORMATION.....



BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR JAVA APPLET

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ECE(ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)LECTURE VIDEOS

Our IIT's are the best.They have done an excellent job by providing lecture videos on different topics of engineering.
This blog being dedicated to electronics and communication engineering is giving you link to this section of videos from IIT madras

click here

QUESTION PAPERS JNTU

DOWNLOAD PREVIOUS 6 YEARS PAPERS AT

MRITSECE.CO.NR

ECE SYLLABUS

Hello! we are the students of a college,under JNTU ECE.Currently the topics covered in 7 semesters of ECE course are:

First year:

1)C&data structures
2)Electronics devices and circuits
3)Mathematics-1
4)Mathematics-2
5)English
6)Engineering drawing
7)Network analysis
8)Applied Physics

Second Year:

1)Electrical Technology
2)Pulse and Didgital circuits
3)Electronic Circuit Analysis
4)Signals and Systems
5)Environmental Sciences
6)Analog Communications
7)Control Systems
8)Mathematics-3
9)Probability Theory and Stochastic Processs
10) Switching Theory and Logic design
11)OOPS throygh JAVA
12)Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines

Third Year:

1)Managerial Economics and financial Analysis
2)Antennas and Wave Propagation
3)Linear Integrated Circuits
4)Digital Integrated Circuits
5)Digital Communications
6)Management Science
7)Digital Signal Processing
8)Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI)
9)Telecommunication and Switching Systems
10)Microwave Engineering
11)Computer Organization

Computer networks
electronics measurement and instrumentation
Cellular and mobile communications
radar systems
satellite communications
digiatl image processing
wireless communciations and networks

GATE SYLLABUS ACCORDING TO GATE 2009

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.

Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green�s theorems.

Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy�s and Euler�s equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and variable separable method.

Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy�s integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor�s and Laurent� series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.

Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.

Transform Theory: Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform.

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING


Networks:
Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton�s maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks.

Electronic Devices:
Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-I-n and avalanche photo diode, Basics of LASERs. Device technology: integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.

Analog Circuits:
Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and analog CMOS. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential and operational, feedback, and power. Frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, 555 Timers. Power supplies.

Digital circuits:
Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinatorial circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, decoders, PROMs and PLAs. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor memories. Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing.

Signals and Systems:
Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and FFT, z-transform. Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems.

Control Systems:
Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams. Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control. State variable representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems.

Communications:
Random signals and noise:
probability, random variables, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density.
Analog communication systems:
amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne receivers; elements of hardware, realizations of analog communication systems; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. Fundamentals of information theory and channel capacity theorem. Digital communication systems:
pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), digital modulation schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes. Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA and GSM.

Electromagnetics:
Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss� and Stokes� theorems, Maxwell�s equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth.
Transmission lines:
characteristic impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; S parameters, pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Basics of propagation in dielectric waveguide and optical fibers.
Basics of Antennas: Dipole antennas; radiation pattern; antenna gain.

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What Raju did during the last one month

Satyam's first family has kept a very low profile ever since Ramalinga Raju dropped his bombshell.

But a member of the Raju family and a former associate spoke exclusively to NDTV on what the last one month has been like for Raju and his family.

Raju's relative: When I met him a week after the Maytas deal was cancelled, his body language was very tense.

• He went incommunicado after Christmas
• Around Christmas he told the family, ''Satyam is gone"
• On January 1, Raju told wife Nandini Raju not to let in any visitors. Told her to say 'Raju is out of station'
• Took one week to write confession letter
• Raju has told family members not to visit him in jail

His relative said, "He wanted to be god to people but got carried away".

Courtesy: NDTV

Ramalinga Raju's followers rally behind him

He may have committed the biggest ever fraud in India's corporate history but for people in his native West Godavari district in Andhra Pradesh and his die-hard supporters, Satyam Computer Services founder Ramalinga Raju is still the hero.

Though the IT magnate is in jail after admitting to a Rs.70 billion (approx $1.5 billion) fraud, he still enjoys the support of his admirers who hail his social service initiatives, especially the 108 ambulance service.

"Some people are only interested in making allegations. They have forgotten all the good work done by Raju garu," said Soma Raju, an employee of the Emergency Medical and Research Institute (EMRI) promoted by the disgraced former chairperson of Satyam.

Rallying behind the son of the soil, people in West Godavari district are planning to hold meetings in every village and town of the district to express their support and sympathy for Raju.

His followers argue that he fudged the company accounts as part of business strategy and not to siphon off the money. They are ready to condone him for the manipulation of funds because of the social services he rendered under the Byrraju Foundation and EMRI.

"People in the remote villages have high respect for him. If anyone falls sick or meets with an accident in the villages there is a 108 ambulance to rush him to the hospital. Earlier, people had to depend on the bullock cart or even carry the sick and injured in their hands," said Ramesh Verma, an agriculturist, who came to this Andhra Pradesh capital all the way from Bhimavaram in West Godavari district to show his support for Raju.

"He made this district and the entire state proud by starting Satyam and building it into a multinational company. What he did was to help the company and its employees and not to benefit his family," said Verma.

Bhimavaram town is set to witness a public rally Jan 23 in support of Raju. A similar rally is planned in Garagaparru, Raju's village, and in the surrounding villages and towns.

People in the villages feel indebted to the Raju family for taking up various philanthropic activities under Byrraju Foundation. Though the family had migrated to Hyderabad in the 1960s, B. Satyanarayana Raju and later his son B. Ramalinga Raju tried to pay back to their village and the district.

The foundation runs a drinking water project for 200 villages, a health centre for the benefit of people in 15 villages and several schools.

Backed by the technical expertise of Satyam, the EMRI through the 108 ambulance saved many lives by shifting the injured in road accidents to hospitals in the shortest possible time.

The state government has allayed apprehensions that it would be closed and said it would ensure that the service continues uninterrupted.

Some of the followers turned up to express their solidarity when Raju was produced before a magistrate on Saturday.

His admirers are now praying for his well-being. A group of five supporters held a 'yagam' at a temple here on Monday to pray for the well-being of Raju and his family.

"We are praying for his health, early release and also for the welfare of employees and stakeholders of Satyam and Maytas," said S. Srinivas Reddy.

'Raju' Stood Like Real 'Raju'

We are not taking the meaning of caste here. We say Satyam Rama Linga Raju stood as real Raju (King), say many in AP. He has given the credit of his success to his employees and others those helped him, but carried every black mark on his shoulders with confession. It is true that he committed fraud. But a human being needs more guts to accept the fraud in public. Raju could do that.

Just look at the past. Ramoji Rao never confessed that he has done a criminal act in the case of Margadarsi issue. Still he is finding ways to escape with minimal loss. Same is the case with Krushi bank Venkateshwara Rao. He too never confessed about his crime.

Chandrababu never confessed that he betrayed his father in law for political gains. He still tries to laud NTR and wishes to justify his acts. Andhra Jyothy Radha Krishna never confessed and said how he owned Andhra Jyothy just being a reporter. He never reveals those property games.

PV Narasimha Rao never confessed about his scams. Ramesh Gelli too was silent after GTB collapse.

No convict dared to open mouth before public like Satyam Rama Lingaraju. Hence, although the doyen of software or the man behind bars, Raju is Raju. Like lion is a lion even it's in forest or zoo.

Hence Ramalinga Raju is getting huge sympathy wave across the state. But still as Raju himself said, he has to live as per the law of land.

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SOME TRUTHS WHICH MUST BE ACCEPTED

Originally there was only one Veda, and there was no necessity of reading it. People were so intelligent and had such sharp memories thatby once hearing from the lips of the spiritual master they wouldunderstand. They would immediately grasp the whole purport.

But fivethousand years ago Vyäsadeva put the Vedas in writing for the people inthis age, Kali-yuga.

He knew that eventually the people would be shortlived,their memories would be very poor, and their intelligence wouldnot be very sharp.

"Therefore, let me teach this Vedic knowledge in writing." He divided the Vedas into four: Åg, Säma, Atharva and Yajur.
Then he gave the charge of these Vedas to his different disciples. He
then thought of the less intelligent class of men—stré, çüdra and dvija-
bandhu. He considered the woman class and çüdra class (worker class)
and dvija-bandhu. Dvija-bandhu refers to those who are born in a high
family but who are not properly qualified. A man who is born in the
family of a brähmaëa but is not qualified as a brähmaëa is called dvijabandhu.
For these persons he compiled the Mahäbhärata, called the
history of India, and the eighteen Puräëas. These are all part of the
Vedic literature: the Puräëas, the Mahäbhärata, the four Vedas and the
Upaniñads. The Upaniñads are part of the Vedas .Then Vyäsadeva
summarized all Vedic knowledge for scholars and philosophers in what is called the Vedänta-sütra.
This is the last word of the Vedas...

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